Overview

The 12-day armed conflict between Iran and Israel led to civilian deaths and involved violations of international humanitarian law. Iranian authorities used the conflict to intensify internal repression. Thousands were arbitrarily detained, interrogated, harassed and/or unjustly prosecuted for exercising their human rights. Authorities used unlawful force and firearms to disperse protests, leading to deaths. Women and girls, LGBTI people, and ethnic and religious minorities suffered systemic discrimination and violence. Compulsory veiling was enforced. More than 1.8 million Afghans were unlawfully expelled or forced to return to Afghanistan. Enforced disappearances and torture and other ill-treatment were widespread and systematic. Corporal punishments amounting to torture, including flogging and amputation, were implemented. Trials remained systematically unfair. The death penalty was applied arbitrarily and was used disproportionately against minorities. The highest number of executions since 1989 was recorded. Systemic impunity prevailed for past and ongoing crimes against humanity and other crimes under international law. Authorities failed to address environmental degradation which contributed to thousands of deaths.